Fatigue, Work Overload, and Sleepiness in a Sample of Spanish Commercial Airline Pilots.

Commercial aviation pilots are an occupational group that work in particular conditions, with frequent schedule changes, shift work, unfavorable environmental conditions, etc. These circumstances can lead to fatigue, work overload (WO), and daytime sleepiness, factors that can affect their health and safety. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and the association between these parameters in a sample of Spanish commercial airline pilots. The Raw TLX, Fatigue Severity Scale, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires were administered in a sample of 283 participants. The relationships of the total scores between all the questionnaires were studied by the chi-square test and the risk scores (odds ratio) were calculated. Different models using multiple linear regression were carried out to evaluate the effects of WO, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness, among the total scores, age, and flight hours. Additionally, the internal consistency of each questionnaire was estimated. A total of 28.2% presented WO above the 75th percentile, with mental and temporal demand the dimensions with the greatest weight. A total of 18% of pilots presented fatigue, 15.8% moderate sleepiness, and 3.9% severe sleepiness. We observed an association among WO, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness, important factors related to pilot health and aviation safety.

The Effect of Visualization Techniques on Students of Occupational Therapy during the First Visit to the Dissection Room.

Background: Part of the basic teaching of human anatomy are prosection sessions with a human corpse, which may generate stress or anxiety among students. The objective of this work was to study how, through the visualization technique (a coping technique), these levels could be reduced before starting prosection classes. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted involving first-year students who had never participated in screening sessions. Prior to the visit, occupational therapy students underwent a viewing session (visualization technique). On the day of the visit, before and after the screening session, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to find out about aspects of the students' experiences, such as their feelings and perceptions. The State−Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety. Results: The baseline levels of anxiety measured remained stable (from 18.5 to 18.2 points), with no differences being found (p > 0.05). The levels of emotional anxiety measured fell from 15.2 to 12.6 points (p < 0.05). Before starting the class, there were six students (17.1%) with anxiety criteria, and this figure was doubled at the end of the session (33.3%) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sessions in a dissection room can cause stressful experiences and change the emotional balances of some students. The results obtained and published here showed no significant differences after the visualization technique. We found that the students believed that the prosection sessions were very useful for teaching anatomy.

El Impacto de la Pandemia por COVID-19 en Población Infanto-juvenil española con Trastorno del Espectro Autista y en su familia / The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Spanish Children and Teenager Population with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in their families

La pandemia causada por la enfermedad infecciosa por coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) desencadenó el aislamiento a nivel mundial, afectando en peormedida a las personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer cómo ha sido este impacto a nivel conductual, emocional, social y comunicativo y la repercusión que ha tenido en sus familias. Para ello se utilizó un cuestionario “ad hoc” durante y despuésdel confinamiento, el Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ) (Goodman, 1997) y la Escala Miedoal COVID-19 (Martínez Lorca et al., 2020). Este cuestionario fue respondido por 140 padres y madres basándose en el comportamiento de su hijo ohija diagnosticado de TEA, con una edad media de 7,86 años, y procedentes de diferentes comunidades autónomas de España. Los resultados reflejancomo los participantes, durante el periodo de confinamiento, han mostrado flexibilidad a los cambios de rutina, pero un alto nivel de estrés, irritabilidad,dificultades conductuales y sociales y regresión en las habilidades anteriormente adquiridas, presentando también dificultades para entender lo queocurría y expresar lo que sentían. Además, presentaron dificultades para aplicar las medidas de seguridad impuestas, como el uso de la mascarilla,del gel hidroalcohólico y el distanciamiento interpersonal. Las familias han referido un excesivo estrés y miedo, así como han echado en falta algunosapoyos y servicios de ayuda. (AU)

The pandemic caused by the infectious disease coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) triggered isolation globally, affecting people with Autism SpectrumDisorder (ASD) to a worse extent. This study aims to investigate how this impact has been on their day-to-day behavioral, emotional, social, andcommunicative levels and the impact it has had on their families. For this purpose, an “ad hoc” questionnaire was used, during and after confinement, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 1997), and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (Martínez Lorca et al., 2020). Thisquestionnaire was answered by 140 parents based on the behavior of their son or daughter diagnosed with ASD, with a mean age of 7.86 years,and from different autonomous communities of Spain. The results affirm that the participants have shown flexibility to routine changes but a high levelof stress, irritability, behavioral and social difficulties, and regression in previously acquired skills during the lockdown period and also presentingdifficulties in understanding what was happening and expressing what they felt. In addition, they had difficulties in applying the security measuresimposed, such as the use of a mask, hydroalcoholic gel, and interpersonal distancing. Families have experienced excessive stress and fear and havemissed some support and help services. (AU)

Psychological distress in Spanish airline pilots during the aviation crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and psychometric analysis of the 12-item general health questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological distress of Spanish airline pilots, a group of professionals undergoing an unprecedented work situation as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. To do so, we administered the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). A total of 342 questionnaires were obtained, with the largest respondent age group being 41-50 years. The psychometric properties of the instrument were also evaluated, with an exploratory factor analysis revealing a unidimensional structure that explained 59.23% of the variance. The total score on the standard GHQ-12 was 4.54 ± 3.31 very close to the cut-off point established to determine psychological distress. The score increased among those unemployed and was also higher among pilots on furlough compared to those whose work situation was relatively normal. Furthermore, the reliability measured by the total Cronbach's alpha was above 0.8 of each across all employment status considered. These results show the desirability of conducting periodic psychological distress assessments of pilots so that effective measures can be implemented to ensure their psychological and socio-emotional well-being. Practitioner summary: This article evaluates psychological distress in a group of professionals that has received scant attention in the field. Moreover, it does so against the background of an atypical situation, evaluating the psychological distress suffered by pilots in different employment categories during the current severe crisis in the aviation sector.Abbreviations: CFI: comparative fit index; COPAC: Official College of Commercial Aviation Pilots; ECA: European Cockpit Association; EFA: exploratory factor analysis; GHQ-12: general health questionnaire-12; IATA: International Air Transport Association; KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test; PA: optimal implementation of parallel analysis; ULS: unweighted least squares.

The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students.

The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. Recently, Ahorsu et al. (2020) developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). The present study aimed to translate and validate the FCV-19S in Spanish university students. The sample comprised 606 Spanish´undergraduates with a mean age of 21.59 years old. We also used a six items from the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) by van Knippenberg, Duivenvoorden, Bonke & Passchiner (1990). The Fear of COVID-19 scale used for the present survey evidenced a good alpha measure of internal consistency or reliability analysis with ordinal alpha and ordinal omega. Seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings. Concurrent validity was supported by the six items of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has a stable unidimensional structure with robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the Spanish university students.

The Functioning of psychopathy and trait aggression as predictive variables of criminal recidivism / Funcionamiento de la psicopatía y de la agresividad rasgo como factores implicados en la reincidencia delictiva

In the current study, several measures of aggression and psychopathy are analyzed as possible factors involved in prison recidivism. Sociodemographic data as well as aggression and psychopathy trait measures (Aggression Questionnaire, IPAS and TRIp) were obtained in a sample of 110 male inmates from a penitentiary center in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). The sample consisted of two groups of 55 subjects, characterized by presenting, or not, mental disorder. The 55.8% of the participants were persistent offenders. Recidivism showed a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with most of the dimensions studied for aggressiveness, with higher scores in this variable in the group of repeat offenders as well as in the group of inmates diagnosed with mental disorder. The variable that best predicted the likelihood of re-offending was psychopathic meanness. No statistically significant differences were found between the presence of a mental disorder and recidivism (p> 0.05), although it is observed that among the recidivists there is a greater proportion of people with a mental disorder (63.6%). Inmates with mental illness have a higher risk for criminal recidivism and this risk is associated with higher scores in trait aggressiveness as well as higher scores in disinhibition and psychopathic meanness

En el presente estudio, se analizan varias medidas de agresión y psicopatía como posibles factores involucrados en la reincidencia en la prisión. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, así como medidas de rasgos de agresión y psicopatía (Cuestionario de agresión, IPAS y TRIp) en una muestra de 110 reclusos varones de un centro penitenciario en Castilla-La Mancha (España). La muestra consistió en dos grupos de 55 sujetos, caracterizados por presentar o no trastorno mental. El 55,8% de los participantes eran delincuentes persistentes. La reincidencia mostró una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) con la mayoría de las dimensiones estudiadas para la agresividad, con puntuaciones más altas en esta variable en el grupo de delincuentes reincidentes, así como en el grupo de presos diagnosticados con trastorno mental. La variable que mejor predijo la probabilidad de reincidencia fue la mezquindad psicópata. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de un trastorno mental y la reincidencia (p > 0.05), aunque se observa que entre los reincidentes hay una mayor proporción de personas con un trastorno mental (63.6%). Los reclusos con enfermedades mentales tienen un mayor riesgo de reincidencia criminal y este riesgo se asocia con puntuaciones más altas en la agresividad del rasgo, así como puntuaciones más altas en desinhibición y maldad psicópata

Evaluación de la dimensión semántica y fonológica en pacientes con esquizofrenia / Evaluation of the semantic and phonological dimension in patients with schizophrenia

Antecedentes y objetivo: La esquizofrenia se caracteriza por una distorsión del pensamiento, las percepciones, las emociones, el lenguaje, la conciencia de sí mismo y la conducta. Afecta a más de 21 millones de personas en todo el mundo y es una de las 10 enfermedades más incapacitantes según la Organización Mundial de la Salud; sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia sobre el déficit lingüístico con el que cursa la enfermedad. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal y cuasi-experimental donde se analizan los datos de diferentes pruebas lingüísticas de las áreas de semántica y fonología en una muestra compuesta por 96 sujetos, de los cuales 48 (50%) tienen esquizofrenia y componen el grupo experimental y otros 48 (50%) no tienen ninguna enfermedad mental y componen el grupo control. Según la clasificación de Crow, el 56,2% de los participantes con esquizofrenia (27 sujetos) presentaba sintomatología positiva y el 43,8% (21 sujetos) presentaba sintomatología negativa. Resultados: Se observa un patrón de déficit según la sintomatología, así como una afectación de las áreas lingüísticas evaluadas (semántica y fonología). Conclusiones: La esquizofrenia cursa con déficit lingüístico en la semántica y en la fonología, siendo necesario evaluar dichas áreas lingüísticas para poder intervenir logopédica y multidisciplinarmente sobre ellas

Background and objective: Schizophrenia is characterized by a distortion of thin-king, perceptions, emotions, language, self-awareness, and behaviour. It affects more than 21 million people worldwide and is one of the 10 most disabling diseases according to the World Health Organization. However, there is little evidence of language deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Method: This is a cross-sectional and quasi-experimental study in which the data of the evaluation of different linguistic tests in the areas of semantics and phonology are analysed. The sample consisted of 96 subjects, 48 of whom (50%) had schizophrenia and made up the experimental group and other 48 (50%) had no mental illness and made up the control group. According to the classification of Crow, 56.2% (27 subjects) presented with positive symptomatology and 43.8% (21 subjects) presented with negative symptoms. Results: A deficit pattern according to the symptomatology was observed, as well as an affectation of all the areas examined in the study (semantics and phonology). Conclusions: Schizophrenia involves a linguistic deficit in semantics and phonology. It is necessary to assess these linguistic areas in order to intervene from a multidisciplinary approach, including speech therapy

Respaldo y Apoyo a la Hipnosis Clínica como Herramienta Terapéutica. Respuesta a la Carta de Héctor González-Ordi (2018) / No disponible

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Enseñando en la universidad a gestionar las emociones y a establecer el vínculo terapéutico con el paciente / University teaching in how to manage emotions and establish a therapeutic bond with the patient

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Anxiety reduction and emotional self-care using the U-technique in radiology departments.

Daily clinical practice is an important source of stress and emotional exhaustion. In the health field, patients could experience a significant number of emotional reactions. There are high levels of anxiety in patients referred for medical imaging, and these levels are even higher in patients undergoing complicated diagnostic procedures. All this shows the need to understand that anxiety must be diagnosed and treated. This situation forces radiologist to develop emotional and social skills to resolve difficulties that may arise in the communicative act. In the patient-radiologist interaction, many elements have been analysed, being communication and communicative skills one of the most important elements. The objective is to present an emotional management tool, the U-technique. It consists of four movements: sympathize, empathize, feel the antidote emotion and spread the antidote emotion in order that the health professionals recognize their emotional state in each moment of the relationship with the patient.

Aportación de la imagen molecular en la exploración del cerebro / Value of molecular imaging to examine the brain

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La importancia de la estimulación intrauterina: nuevos contenidos y retos en los programas de educación maternal / The importance of intrauterine stimulation: New content and challenges in maternal education programmes

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Conocimiento de la estimulación prenatal en los programas de educación maternal en Atención Primaria por parte de las mujeres gestantes / Pregnant women's knowledge of prenatal stimulation in educational programs for pregnant women in primary care

Objetivo: Estudiar el grado de conocimiento sobre la estimulación prenatal y los beneficios que se obtienen de esta en mujeres embarazadas de dos Centros de Salud de Talavera de la Reina (Toledo). Diseño del estudio: Estudio observacional transversal. Emplazamiento: Centros de Salud urbanos de Talavera de la Reina, Toledo. (C.S. La Solana y C.S. La Algodonera). Participantes: 26 mujeres gestantes (edad media de 30,92 años y 7,23 meses de gestación). Mediciones principales: Mediante muestreo consecutivo se seleccionaron gestantes del programa de preparación al parto que respondieron un cuestionario elaborado 'ad hoc' acerca del conocimiento y beneficios de la estimulación prenatal o intrauterina. También se recogieron variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 53,8 % (IC 95 %: 33,3-73,4) de las mujeres gestantes no había escuchado hablar de la estimulación prenatal ni conoce de la importancia de esta. Un 96,2 % (IC 95 %: 80,3-99,9) de las madres gestantes no sabe de la existencia de ningún centro especializado o centro de salud en el que se realice esta práctica. Al 76,9 % (IC 95 %: 56,3-91) de las mujeres gestantes no le han explicado lo que es la estimulación prenatal ni los beneficios, sin embargo el 96,2 % (IC 95 %: 80,3-99,9) de embarazadas cree que la estimulación prenatal ofrece beneficios a su futuro hijo/a. Conclusiones: Existe un alto porcentaje de mujeres que desconoce lo que es la estimulación prenatal, su importancia y los centros donde esta se realiza, así como una falta de información por parte de las matronas sobre la estimulación prenatal y sus beneficios (AU)

Objective: Study the level of knowledge about prenatal stimulation and its benefits of pregnant women in two primary health care centres in Talavera de la Reina (Toledo). Study Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Location: Primary health care urban centres in Talavera de la Reina, Toledo (CHC La Solana and CHC La Algodonera). Participants: 26 pregnant women with an average age of 30.92. Gestational age was 7.23 months. Main measurements: Consecutive sampling of pregnant women attending the preparation for childbirth program, who answered a questionnaire prepared 'ad hoc' about knowledge and benefits of prenatal or intrauterine stimulation. Socio-demographic variables were also collected. Results: 53.8% (CI 95%: 33.3-73.4) of pregnant women had not heard about prenatal stimulation and do not know its importance. 96.2% (CI 95%: 80.3-99.9) of pregnant mothers do not know any specialized centre or health care centre in which this practice is carried out. 76.9% (CI 95%: 56.3-91) of pregnant women have not been told about prenatal stimulation or its benefits. However, 96.2% (CI 95%: 80.3-99.9) of pregnant women believe that prenatal stimulation offers benefits to their unborn children. Conclusions: There is a high percentage of women who are ignorant of what prenatal stimulation is, its importance and the centres where it is carried out, as well as a lack of explanation of prenatal stimulation and its benefits by midwives (AU)

Age differences in rumination and autobiographical retrieval.

OBJECTIVES: Higher well-being in older adults compared to young adults is a well-known phenomenon. However, the variables associated with this effect are still uncertain. Negative repetitive thinking (rumination) is a transdiagnostic variable related to psychopathology. It is strongly associated with depression and a lack of specificity in autobiographical retrieval. This research explores age differences in the association of rumination with mood, autobiographical memories and working memory. METHOD: Two groups of participants (older adults versus young adults), recruited through a public announcement, were compared in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Older adults ruminated less than young participants. Rumination was positively associated with depression scores but not with working memory scores in both samples. More importantly, the interaction between brooding rumination and negative autobiographical memories was the only significant variable to explain the variance of mood scores in young participants. However, in older participants, the interaction between brooding and positive autobiographical memories significantly explained the variance of mood scores. Digit span forward and the interaction of brooding by negative autobiographical memories also significantly explained mood scores in older adults. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a different interaction between brooding rumination and the valence of autobiographical memories may be a relevant variable associated with mood differences by age.

Dar información más allá del consentimiento informado / Giving information beyond informed consent

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La adhesión terapéutica desde la vinculación emocional. La técnica U / No disponible

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